Izixhobo zokutshintsha

Yintoni iSwitchgear?

Iisekethe zombane zilawula umthamo womthwalo omiselweyo ngokwendlela eziyilwe ngayo. Kufuneka zilawulwe ukuze kuthintelwe umbane ogqithisileyo ekugqithiseni kakhulu iingcingo kunye nokugqithisa inkqubo. Inkqubo egqithisileyo iyingozi yokhuseleko enokonakalisa izinto ezibalulekileyo kwaye ibangele nemililo yombane. Kukho iswitshi yokulawula izinto zombane kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo.

Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwiswitshi ziquka izitshintshi zombane ezikhupha umbane, iziphuli-mbane, iifusi, kunye nezithinteli zombane eziqhuba okanye eziphazamisa ukuhamba kombane. Xa umbane unyuka ngamandla, iswitshi iphazamisa ukuhamba kombane kwaye ikhusela iinkqubo zombane ekonakaleni kwamandla amaninzi.

Kutheni kufuneka iswitshi?

Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane zenzelwe ukukhusela izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kumbane kwingozi yokuxinana kombane. Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane zikhusela oomatshini, izixhobo, iimoto, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezineesekethe zombane ngokulawula nokulawula ukuhamba kombane.

I-Switchgear ikwakhusela iingcali zolondolozo nokulungisa kwingozi ngokuzahlula kwiisekethe ezisebenza ngamandla. Iingcali zombane kunye neenkonzo zixhomekeke kwi-switchgear ukuze zinciphise amandla ezixhobo ukuze zivavanye ngokukhuselekileyo iisekethe, zenze imisebenzi yokulungisa, kwaye zisuse iimpazamo ezisezantsi.

Isebenza njani iswitchgear?

Izixhobo zeswitshi zithintela umonakalo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenkonzo ngokulawula ukuhamba kombane ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yombane. Zingahlula iisekethe ezichaphazelekayo ngelixa zibonelela ngombane ovela kwimithombo emininzi ukuya kumthwalo ngaxeshanye. Xa umbane unyuka okanye impazamo ibangela i-circuit breaker ngaphakathi kwendibano yokutshintsha umbane, izinto ezixhasayo ziphazamisa kwaye zikhuphe umbane kwisekethe egcweleyo ngelixa zigcina inkonzo kwiisekethe ezisebenzayo.

Iibhodi zokutshintshana vs. izixhobo zokutshintshana
Iiswitchboards kunye neeswitchgear zisebenza imisebenzi eyahluke kakhulu. Zinezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zehardware, i-voltage, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko. Iiswitchboards zizixhobo ezine-voltage ephantsi ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zorhwebo nakwimizi-mveliso ukuhambisa, ukutshintsha indlela, kunye nokusasaza umbane kwiitransformers ngazinye, iinkqubo zolawulo, iiphaneli zesekethe, kunye nemithwalo. Iswitchgear ilawula ukuhamba kombane ukuthintela ukunyuka kwamandla ayingozi.

Iintlobo zeswitshi
EMntla Melika, iintlobo ezintathu zezixhobo zokutshintsha umbane zahlulwe ngokwemigangatho ye-ANSI/IEEE kunye ne-NEC ka-2014 kwiinkqubo zombane ezibonelela ngemijelo etshintshanayo.

1. Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezine-voltage ephantsi zisetyenziselwa iinkqubo ezisebenza ngaphantsi kwe-kilovolt (kV) e-1.

2. Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezisebenzisa umbane ophakathi zisebenza kwiivolthi ukusuka kwi-1 kV ukuya kwi-75 kV

3. Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezine-voltage ephezulu zisebenza kwii-voltage ukusuka kwi-75 kV ukuya kwi-230 kV.

Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane kufuneka zigcinwe kwindawo efanelekileyo ebekwe kwinqanaba le-NEMA xa zisetyenziswa ngaphandle ukuze zikhuseleke ekuphazamisekeni nakwizinto ezibangela umbane.

● Iswitshi yombane ophantsi
Iswitshi ye-voltage ephantsi ineeswitshi, ii-low-voltage circuit breakers, ii-earth leakage circuit breakers, ii-miniature circuit breakers (ii-MCB), ii-molded case circuit breakers (ii-MCCB), ii-high-interrupting capacity (ii-HRC) fuses, kunye nee-offloading electrical isolators.

Esi sixhobo sinokulungiselelwa ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwaye sinokulinganiswa ukusetyenziswa kwi-208 volts, 240 volts, 480 volts, kunye ne-600 volts ukuya kwi-1000 volts. Izakhiwo zoshishino, zikamasipala, kunye nezorhwebo zihlala zisebenzisa iswitchgear ene-voltage ephantsi ukulawula ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kwi-HVAC, izibane, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zesakhiwo.

● Isitshintshi se-voltage esiphakathi
Iswitshi ye-medium-voltage isebenzisa i-oyile, igesi, okanye i-vacuum insulators kunye ne-circuit breakers ukuphazamisa ukuhamba kwamandla xa kukho umbane ogqithisileyo okanye ingxaki yenkqubo. I-insulators zikhusela kwaye zipholisa izixhobo ezikwizixhobo zokutshintsha umbane, ngelixa i-circuit breaker itsala izihlanganisi zesekethe ukuze ikhuphe i-arc.

Iinkqubo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zihlala zilinganiswa kwi-5 kV, 12 kV, 15 kV, kunye ne-35 kV ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75 kV ukubonisa umbane ophezulu abanokuwusebenzisa. Esi sixhobo sokutshintsha umbane sisetyenziswa rhoqo kwizikhululo zokuvelisa kunye nezikhululo zokuhambisa umbane. Sikwasetyenziswa ukulawula iimoto, iisekethe zokuphakela, kunye neejenereyitha kwizakhiwo zoshishino nezorhwebo.

● Isitshixo sombane ophezulu
Iswitshi ye-high-voltage ilawula iinkqubo zamandla ezisebenza ubuncinci kwi-75 kV. Esi sixhobo sokutshintsha umbane sisebenzisa ii-disconnectors, ii-earthing switches, ii-high-current switching mechanisms, ii-fuses, kunye nee-circuit breakers ukulawula, ukulawula, ukuphazamisa, ukwahlula, kunye nokukhutshelwa kombane.

Ngenxa yokuba nayiphi na impazamo yombane inokwenza i-arc enamandla kakhulu, izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezine-voltage ephezulu kufuneka zisebenze ngokuqhubekayo nangokuthembekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zokutshintsha zibalulekile kwimisebenzi efumana ukwenzeka okukhulu kwempazamo zombane kwaye kufuneka zinciphise amandla rhoqo kwizixhobo. Zifumaneka rhoqo kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zokuhambisa nokuhambisa umbane kunye nezakhiwo zorhwebo okanye zemizi-mveliso.

Iindidi zokwambathisa izixhobo zokutshintsha
Ngeevolthi ezahlukeneyo, iswitshigi ingasebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela umbane ukukhusela izixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla kwiingxaki zombane. Iiswitshigigi zisebenzisa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zokukhusela umbane.

● Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezigqunywe ngegesi
I-switchgear efakwe igesi (i-GIS) isebenzisa ii-circuit breakers ezisebenzisa i-pressurized sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) ukufihla ii-conductors kunye nee-contacts kunye nokucima umsinga we-arc owenziwe yimpazamo yombane. I-Carbon dioxide (CO2) yindlela enobuhlobo nemozulu endaweni ye-SF6. Ukutshintsha i-SF6 nge-CO2 kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngeetoni ezili-10 kumjikelo wobomi bezixhobo.

● Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezifakwe umoya
Iswitshi yomoya (i-AIS) isebenzisa ii-circuit breakers ezisebenzisa umoya ocinezelweyo okanye amandla emagnethi ukwandisa i-arc ukuze izikhuphele amandla.

● Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezigqunywe ngeoyile
Iswitshi esifakwe ioyile siyayifumisa ioyile yeminerali ecaleni kwendlela ye-arc eyenziwe xa izihlanganisi ezithwala umsinga zahlukana kwaye ziyijikeleze ngebhamuza yegesi yehydrogen ekhupha umsinga kwaye ithintele i-arc ukuba ingaphindi ibethe.

● Izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ezifakwe i-vacuum cleaner
Iswitshi esifakwe kwi-vacuum sisusa iimolekyuli ezinokudityaniswa ne-ion nge-electric current. Nayiphi na i-arc iya kolulwa kwaye iphele nangona i-voltage inyuka.

Ukufakwa kweSwitchgear
Abasebenzi abaneelayisenisi ezifanelekileyo kufuneka bafake zonke izixhobo zokutshintsha umbane ngokuhambelana neekhowudi zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo, izikhokelo zesakhiwo, kunye nemiyalelo yomenzi. Ukufakelwa ngokufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokusebenza.