IiVolthi eziphezulu, eziphakathi, ezisezantsi, kunye neziphezulu kakhulu zihlelwa njani kwiinkqubo zamandla?

Ukuhlelwa kwamanqanaba ombane kwiinkqubo zamandla kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, ukusasazwa, kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Amanqanaba ombane amisela indlela umbane othuthwa ngayo kwiigridi, alungelelaniswe ukuze kube nokwenzeka ubuchwephesha noqoqosho, kwaye ahlengahlengiswe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Eli nqaku liphonononga iikhrayitheriya kunye nemigangatho elawula olu hlulo, kugxilwe kakhului-voltage ephezulu (i-HV),i-voltage ephakathi (MV),i-voltage ephantsi (LV)​kunyei-voltage ephezulu kakhulu (UHV).

1. Iikhrayitheriya zoHlelo lweVolthi​

Amanqanaba e-voltage achazwa ngokuyintloko yiimigangatho yombane(umz., i-IEC, i-IEEE, imimiselo yesizwe) kunyeiimfuno zokusebenza, kuquka:

• ​Umgama wokudluliselwa: Iivolthi eziphezulu zinciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla kumgama omde.
• ​Umthamo wamandla: Iivolthi eziphezulu zivumela ukudluliselwa kwamandla amakhulu.
• ​Uyilo lwezixhobo: Ukufakwa kwe-insulation, ukupholisa, kunye nokuqina kwezinto kuxhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-voltage.
• ​Ulwakhiwo lwegridi: Amanqanaba e-voltage ahambelana nolawulo lwegridi (ukuveliswa → ukudluliselwa → ukusasazwa).

​2. Iinkcazo zeNqanaba leVoltage​

​I-Voltage ephantsi (LV)​​

• ​Uluhlu: ≤1,000 V (AC) okanye ≤1,500 V (DC).
• ​Izicelo:

• Umbane ofumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala nakwiindawo zorhwebo (umz., i-220V/380V eTshayina, i-120V/240V eMntla Melika).
• Izixhobo ezincinci, izibane, kunye noomatshini bemizi-mveliso.
  • ​Ezona mpawu:
• Idibanisa abasebenzisi bokugqibela ngokuthe ngqo.
• Ifuna ubushushu obuncinci ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphantsi.

​I-Voltage Ephakathi (MV)​​

• ​Uluhlu: 1 kV ukuya kwi-35 kV (iyahluka ngokwengingqi).

• iTshayina: 10 kV–35 kV.
• iYurophu: 11 kV–20 kV.
  • ​Izicelo:
• Ukusasazwa kweendawo zasemaphandleni nezemizi-mveliso.
• Imigca ye-feeder edibanisa izitishi ezincinci kwiinethiwekhi ze-LV.
  • ​Ezona mpawu:
• Ilungelelanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokhuseleko lokudlulisela umgama ophakathi.
• Isebenzisa iintambo okanye imigca ephezu kwentloko ene-insulation ephakathi.

​I-Voltage ephezulu (i-HV)​​

• ​Uluhlu: 35 kV ukuya kwi-220 kV.
• ​Izicelo:

• Uthumelo lwengingqi phakathi kwezixeko.
• Ukuhanjiswa kombane omkhulu ukusuka kwizikhululo zombane ukuya kwizikhululo ezingaphantsi.
  • ​Ezona mpawu:
• Ifuna iinkqubo zokukhusela eziqinileyo kunye nezokupholisa.
• Ixhasa ukuhamba kwamandla ngaphezulu kwe-100–500 km.

​I-Ultra-High Voltage (UHV)​​

• ​KUNYE NE-UHV: ≥1,000 kV.
• ​I-DC UHV: ≥±800 kV.
• ​Izicelo:

• Iipaseji zamandla ezinqumla ilizwekazi (umz., umgca we-AC we-1,100 kV waseTshayina).
• Uthumelo olude nolunomthamo ophezulu (umz., iikhilomitha ezingama-2,000–3,000).
  • ​Ezona mpawu:
• Inciphisa ilahleko zothumelo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-
• Ivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo (umz., iifama zelanga ezintlango).

​3. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo zobugcisa nezokusebenza​

​Izikhokelo zoKhetho lweVoltage​

• ​Iitransformer ezinyukayoKwizikhululo zamandla zonyusa i-voltage ukuya kwi-HV/UHV ukuze idluliselwe.
• ​Iitransformer ezisezantsiKwizikhululo ezingaphantsi, i-voltage incitshiswa ibe yi-MV/LV kubasebenzisi bokugqibela.
• ​Ukuqina kwegridi: Iivolthi eziphezulu zifuna iinkqubo zokhuseleko eziphambili (umz., iziphuli zesekethe, izithinteli zokuxinana kombane).

​Impembelelo yoQoqosho kunye nokuSingqongileyo​

• ​Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko: Imigca ye-UHV inamandla angaphezu kwe-4–5× kunemigca ye-500 kV, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zesiseko seyunithi nganye.
• ​Ukusetyenziswa komhlabaIikhorido ze-UHV zithatha indawo encinci kunemigca emininzi ye-voltage ephantsi ehambelanayo.
• ​Ukunciphisa ikhabhoni: Uthumelo olusebenzayo luxhasa ukwamkelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo.

​4. Utshintsho lweHlabathi kwiMigangatho yeVoltage​

Nangona imigangatho ye-IEC inika isakhelo, iindlela zokusebenza zesizwe zahlukile:

• ​iTshayina:

• I-UHV AC: 1,000 kV; DC: ± 800 kV (umzekelo, umgca we-Xiangjiaba-Shanghai).
• I-MV: 10 kV–35 kV.
  • ​iYurophu:
• I-HV: 110 kV–220 kV; I-UHV: 380 kV (AC) kunye ne-±500 kV (DC).
  • ​amantla Emelika:
• I-HV: 69 kV–230 kV; I-UHV: 500 kV (AC) kunye ne-±800 kV (DC).

​5. Iindlela Eziza Kulandela​

• ​Iigridi ezikrelekrele: Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-IoT ukuze kujongwe i-voltage ngexesha langempela.
• ​Iigridi ezincinci zeDC: Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kwe-DC kwiinkqubo ze-MV/LV ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinto ezihlaziyekayo.
• ​Izixhobo eziphambili: Ii-superconductors zobushushu obuphezulu zokudlulisela ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.

​Isiphelo​

Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwevolthi kuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamandla okungenamthungo ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya ekusetyenzisweni. Ngelixa iivolthi eziphantsi neziphakathi zibeka phambili ukufikeleleka, iivolthi eziphezulu neziphezulu kakhulu zivumela ukwandiswa nokusebenza kakuhle. Njengoko iigridi zitshintsha zisiya ekwabelaneni kunye nokuzinza, imigangatho yevolthi iya kuqhubeka ihlengahlengiswa, ilungelelanisa ubungqongqo bobuchwephesha kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo.